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_ Hurricane Joaquin _
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Introduction
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Hurricane Joaquin ( ; ) was a powerful tropical cyclone that
devastated several districts of the Bahamas in early October 2015.
It was the strongest Atlantic hurricane of non-tropical origin
recorded in the satellite era. The tenth named storm, third
hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2015 Atlantic
hurricane season, Joaquin evolved from a non-tropical low to a
tropical depression on September 28, southwest of Bermuda. The
depression drifted towards the southwest and became a tropical
storm the next day. Joaquin then underwent rapid intensification,
becoming a Category 4 major hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale
on October 1. Meandering among the southern Bahamas, Joaquin's eye
passed near or over several islands. On October 3, the hurricane
weakened somewhat and began moving northeastwards. Abrupt
re-intensification ensued later that day, and Joaquin acquired
sustained winds of 135 knots, just below Category 5 strength.
Joaquin was one of the strongest hurricanes to affect the Bahamas
on record. Hurricane warnings were issued for most of the Bahamas
before Joaquin reached the country's southern islands. Between
October 1 and 3, Joaquin caused extensive damage on Acklins,
Crooked Island, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island.
Severe storm surge inundated many communities, trapping hundreds of
people in their homes; flooding persisted for days after the
hurricane's departure. Prolonged, intense winds brought down trees
and power lines, and unroofed homes. Relief efforts in the wake of
Joaquin were hampered by heavy damage to airstrips and flooded
roads. Offshore, the American cargo ship 'El Faro' and her 33 crew
members were lost to the hurricane.
Coastal flooding affected the nearby Turks and Caicos Islands,
washing out roadways, compromising seawalls, and damaging homes.
Strong winds and heavy rainfall caused some property damage in
eastern Cuba. In Haiti, storm tides resulted in severe flooding in
several departments, forcing families from their homes and
destroying crops, while large waves killed a fisherman at sea. Over
the Southeastern United States, a separate storm system drew
tremendous moisture from the hurricane, leading to catastrophic
flooding in South Carolina. A weakened Joaquin passed just west of
Bermuda on October 4, bringing strong winds that caused power
outages but only minor damage. Afterwards, the hurricane
accelerated eastwards into colder waters, weakening further and
becoming extratropical on October 8. Its remnants reached Portugal
before dissipating a week later. Across its lifetime, Joaquin
killed 34 people and caused US$120 million in damage.
Meteorological history
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On September 25, 2015, the U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC)
began monitoring an upper-level low, accompanied by a surface
trough, several hundred miles south-southwest of Bermuda, for
possible tropical cyclogenesis. The system gradually consolidated
as it drifted north-northwest, acquiring a closed surface low late
on September 26. Convective showers and thunderstorms steadily
increased on September 27, and at 00:00 UTC on September 28 the NHC
assessed the system to have become a tropical depression, situated
roughly 400 mi (640 km) southwest of Bermuda. Although the
depression featured a well-defined low, strong wind shear displaced
convection and exposed the circulation. A ridge to the north was
forecast to steer the system slowly northwest into a region of
higher shear; meteorologists at the NHC initially depicted the
system dissipating within 96 hours based on computer model
simulations. Convection developed and persisted closer to the
circulation center throughout September 28, and early on September
29, Dvorak satellite classifications indicated the system became a
tropical storm. Accordingly, it was assigned the name 'Joaquin',
becoming the tenth named storm of the 2015 Atlantic hurricane
season.
Strengthening of the mid-level ridge prompted a sudden shift in
Joaquin's trajectory to the southwest, directing it towards the
Bahamas. Forecasters at the NHC noted considerable uncertainty in
the future of Joaquin, as forecast models depicted a wide range of
possibilities for both track and intensity. Throughout September
29, the storm steadily intensified as its circulation became
embedded within deep convection and upper-level outflow became
increasingly prominent. High sea surface temperatures--around 1.1
°C (2.0 °F) above normal--and decreasing shear aided strengthening,
and early on September 30, the storm achieved hurricane status.
Rapid intensification ensued thereafter as an eye developed within
a symmetric central dense overcast. Data from aircraft
reconnaissance indicated that Joaquin reached Category 3 status on
the Saffir-Simpson scale by 00:00 UTC on October 1, thereby
becoming the second major hurricane of the season. Around 12:00
UTC, Joaquin passed over Samana Cay in the Bahamas with maximum
sustained winds of 115 knots, making it a Category 4 hurricane.
During this intensification phase, its eye contracted from 41 to in
diameter. The storm's central pressure bottomed out at 931 mbar
(hPa; 931 mbar) around 00:00 UTC on October 2, and the winds rose
further to 120 knots.
As the ridge previously steering Joaquin southwest began retreating
north, the hurricane's movement slowed and shifted west, and later
north, early on October 2. This took the eyewall of Joaquin over
Crooked Island and then Long Island. The slower motion of the
hurricane likely caused upwelling of cooler waters beneath it,
resulting in weakening despite wind shear remaining low.
Reconnaissance aircraft also noted the presence of a double wind
maximum, suggesting the onset of an eyewall replacement cycle--a
process whereby a second, larger eye develops while the inner eye
collapses. Joaquin's eye became increasingly ill-defined in
satellite imagery, and the winds decreased to 110 knots. The
hurricane made landfalls on Rum Cay and San Salvador Island on
October 2 at around 16:00 UTC and 21:00 UTC, respectively; a
pressure near 944 mbar (hPa; 944 hPa) was observed on the latter.
An amplifying trough over the Southeastern United States enhanced
southwesterly flow over Joaquin on October 3 and prompted the
hurricane to accelerate northeast away from the Bahamas. Throughout
the day the storm's eye became increasingly defined and
re-intensification ensued. Aircraft reconnaissance found a
considerably stronger system that afternoon: flight-level winds
reached 144 knots and the aircraft's stepped frequency microwave
radiometer estimated surface winds of up to 138 knots. The NHC
assessed that Joaquin became a high-end Category 4 hurricane with
winds of 135 knots by 12:00 UTC, making Joaquin the strongest
Atlantic hurricane in the satellite era that did not form from a
tropical wave or disturbance (as intense hurricanes typically do).
The storm's pressure also fell to a low of 934 mbar (hPa; 934
mbar).
Shortly after peaking, the hurricane's overall structure began to
deteriorate, signalling a weakening trend. On October 4, the storm
curved towards the north-northeast between a large low-pressure
system to its west and a mid-level ridge to its east. As deep
convection over its core continued to wane, Joaquin passed about 70
mi west-northwest of Bermuda near 00:00 UTC on October 5, with
winds of 75 knots. The weakening trend paused that day as the
storm's satellite presentation improved slightly, marked by brief
reappearances of a distinct eye feature; this was thought to be
caused by a temporary balance between higher wind shear to the
north, lower wind shear to the south, and the vortex's inertial
stability. Joaquin gradually turned northeastward around the
periphery of the weak ridge, and subsequently accelerated toward
the east-northeast as it entered the prevailing westerlies. The
system maintained hurricane intensity until 15:00 UTC on October 7,
by which point strengthening wind shear and an increasingly colder
environment began to take their toll. The cloud pattern became
lopsided as colder, drier air infiltrated the circulation, forming
the first stages of a frontal structure. With its extratropical
transition well underway, Joaquin lost its identity as a tropical
cyclone at 00:00 UTC on October 8, roughly 385 nmi west-northwest
of the northwestern Azores. During the next several days, Joaquin's
extratropical remnant continued heading eastward across the
Atlantic, reaching Portugal on October 12. Joaquin's remnant then
slowly moved southward along the coast as it spun down, eventually
dissipating over the Gulf of Cádiz on October 15.
Preparations
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Tropical cyclone watches and warnings were posted throughout the
Bahamas starting early on September 30 (UTC); by October 1,
hurricane warnings extended from Grand Bahama Island in the
northwest to Mayaguana in the southeast. As the storm moved away,
the last advisories were discontinued by the morning of October 3.
All schools on Exuma, Cat Island, San Salvador, and Rum Cay closed
on the afternoon of October 1. Bahamasair cancelled multiple
domestic flights, and most airports throughout the island nation
were closed, pending post-storm runway inspections. Several cruise
ships scheduled to arrive at New Providence were diverted to other
ports on October 2. The nation's National Emergency Management
Agency (NEMA) activated its Emergency Operations Center, and
advised residents in low-lying parts of Mayaguana to evacuate. As
conditions worsened, residents in southern islands of the Bahamas
criticized the government for providing inadequate warning, with no
emergency preparations taking place on Acklins. NEMA refuted the
claim and stated people were given ample warning but many residents
refused to evacuate. In some instances, police were called in to
forcibly move people to shelters.
In the Turks and Caicos Islands to the southeast of the Bahamas,
the storm forced the closure of schools and government offices. Two
cruise ships were redirected from Grand Turk Island, and
Providenciales International Airport suspended operations for a
time. The islands were placed under a tropical storm warning on
October 1. On October 2, tropical storm warnings were hoisted along
coastal Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguín, and Guantánamo provinces in
Cuba.
From Joaquin's genesis on September 28 until October 1, several
weather models indicated Joaquin could make landfall on or closely
approach the East Coast of the United States. This threat prompted
the governors of Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Virginia (including the City of Norfolk) to declare
states of emergency. A mandatory evacuation order for Ocracoke
Island, North Carolina, was placed at 3:00 p.m. EDT (19:00 UTC) on
October 1. In New Jersey, the annual Bike MS: City to Shore Ride
was canceled for the first time in its 35-year history. Joaquin
eventually turned northeastwards and did not directly impact the
United States.
On the afternoon of October 2, a tropical storm watch was issued
for Bermuda, and a hurricane warning was in effect late on October
3. As a precaution, Royal Bermuda Regiment soldiers were placed on
standby, and some emergency equipment was stationed on the east end
of the Causeway to prepare for the possibility of the road becoming
impassable; officials ultimately closed the Causeway late on
October 4, near the height of the storm, and partially reopened it
the next morning. By October 3, two cruise ships had canceled their
scheduled stops to Bermuda. Most commercial flights to and from the
island on October 4 were canceled, and L.F. Wade International
Airport suspended all operations that afternoon. Public and private
schools were scheduled to close on October 5, though one
institution was prepared for use as an emergency shelter. The
approaching hurricane halted ferry and bus services.
Bahamas
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Joaquin was one of the strongest known hurricanes to impact the
Bahamas, as well as the strongest October hurricane to affect the
country since 1866. Nearly 7,000 people there were directly
affected by Joaquin's strong winds, flooding rain, and storm surge.
Local newspaper 'The Tribune' compared the effects of Joaquin to
the destruction wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992, which struck
the northwestern Bahamas as a Category 5 hurricane. Initial claims
of numerous casualties throughout the island chain proved
unsubstantiated, and although one man died during the storm on Long
Island, his death was unrelated to the hurricane. Several weeks
after the storm, officials estimated that 836 residences had been
destroyed, including 413 on Long Island, 227 on San Salvador
Island, 123 on Acklins, 50 on Crooked Island, and 23 on Rum Cay.
Assessments by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean (ECLAC) estimated that Joaquin inflicted about US$120
million in damage across the Bahamian archipelago. Due to low
insurance penetration, particularly in the south of the Bahamas,
insured losses were pegged by the Bahamas Insurance Association at
just US$14 million. About half the overall costs (US$59.8 million)
were attributed to infrastructure damage, with housing contributing
to another one-third (US$37.4 million).
Widespread power outages affected several islands as the hurricane
closed in. Reports of flooding and people in need of assistance
were received from Acklins, Crooked Island, Exuma, and Long Island.
Power and communication failures plagued the nation's southeastern
islands, leaving several islands effectively isolated in the
immediate aftermath of Joaquin. The hurricane took all 59 cell
sites belonging to the Bahamas Telecommunications Company (BTC)
offline. Early aerial surveys revealed that Acklins, Rum Cay,
Crooked Island, and San Salvador Island suffered near-total
destruction. The Bahamas Department of Meteorology estimated that
Joaquin brought 5 - of rain to the central and southeastern
Bahamas. Throughout the archipelago, flooding from the hurricane
trapped over 500 residents.
Floodwaters up to 5 ft deep submerged at least 70% of Crooked
Island, where the storm left widespread structural damage. A
private weather station on the island measured sustained winds of
99 knots gusting to 129 knots before going offline. The hurricane
shifted two large fuel tanks belonging to the Bahamas Electricity
Corporation off their bases, allowing more than 10,000 gallons of
fuel to leak into the ground. Septic tank seepage contaminated
residential wells, leaving residents without clean drinking water.
The clinic in Colonel Hill had its roof blown off. In the days
following the storm, about 100 evacuees--including 46 from Crooked
Island--were flown to New Providence, where several of them sought
medical attention. Acklins endured severe flooding, with many homes
inundated and numerous calls for rescue; the island's sea barrier
was breached by 9:00 a.m. local time (13:00 UTC) on October 1. Some
residents reported the entire island to be under water. The health
center in Spring Point, situated next to the ocean, was badly
damaged by flooding and all medical supplies stored there were
lost. Power outages caused a water treatment plant to become
inoperative, effectively halving Acklins' drinking water production
capacity. A bridge in Lovely Bay was completely destroyed.
Significant standing water was observed on Crooked Island and
Acklins even on October 7. The terminal buildings at both Spring
Point Airport on Acklins and Colonel Hill Airport on Crooked Island
suffered damage to the roofs, walls, and interiors, while the
runways at both airports were obstructed by fallen vegetation.
Long Island was subject to an immense 18 ft storm surge that
flooded homes with up to 12 ft of water. Southern areas of the
island suffered considerable devastation; the surge washed out
coastal roadways and drove numerous fishing boats ashore. The
district's Member of Parliament, Loretta Butler-Turner, estimated
that 75% of all fishing vessels there were destroyed. This,
combined with heavy losses to farms and crops, threatened the
livelihoods of many residents. About 20 individuals required rescue
on Long Island, while some hurricane shelters became compromised by
water entrance. Dead animals were seen floating in the water.
Strong winds unroofed dozens of homes, and many structures were
fully destroyed. The clinic in Clarence Town was destroyed after a
neighboring house's roof was blown onto it, resulting in the loss
of medical supplies, files, and equipment. Northern parts of the
island fared better in comparison. The winds and flooding took a
large toll on native vegetation, even well inland.
Powerful winds brought down trees and utility poles on Rum Cay,
clogging roadways. A number of homes were damaged or destroyed in
the district; two grocery stores also sustained damage. The main
dock serving Rum Cay was destroyed. A church housing 32 evacuees
became flooded and structurally compromised, forcing the
inhabitants to relocate. Joaquin also damaged power lines in Exuma,
where "extreme" flooding was reported. There was modest structural
damage on Mayaguana, the easternmost island of the Bahamas.
On San Salvador Island, large swells ahead of the storm's arrival
in the Bahamas washed out a main road. As Joaquin moved over San
Salvador on October 2, the island experienced a storm surge
generally between 2.6 -, reaching as high as 5.7 m at Grahams
Harbor. Joaquin's unusual angle of approach (making landfall from
the southwest) and overall slow motion meant that storm surge was
more evenly distributed across the island, with the highest surges
on the northern coast. The island's main power plant in Cockburn
Town lost its roof, resulting in rainwater damaging the generators
and spare parts. Water infrastructure remained mostly intact and
service was fully restored within five days. Damage to buildings
across the island was widespread; roughly 90% of structures were
noted to have observable damage during a survey two months after
the hurricane. The two major tourist resorts on San Salvador Island
were both heavily damaged, while the terminal building at San
Salvador Airport was essentially destroyed: about 60% of its
ceiling caved in, and the walls, windows, lighting, and overall
structure sustained extensive damage. The University of the
Bahamas' Gerace Research Centre, where 120-150 residents took
shelter from the hurricane, was also badly affected. At least 70%
of fishermen residing on the island lost their boats.
In the immediate aftermath of Joaquin, damage to airports and
floodwaters obstructing roads meant initial relief efforts were
slow, and storm victims relied on helicopters, seaplanes, and
watercraft to deliver supplies. Workers gradually cleared runways
for emergency use in the days following the storm, and all airports
were open for normal operations by October 9. By October 4, the
Government of Jamaica and the United States Agency for
International Development had donated 50 tonnes and just over 32
tonnes, respectively, of emergency supplies to the Bahamas. Private
groups, local businesses, and non-governmental organizations, such
as the Bahamas Red Cross, started donation drives and began
distributing goods to storm victims. NEMA received donations of
US$1 million from the Utilities Regulation and Competition
Authority in conjunction with BTC, and US$50,000 from the
Progressive Liberal Party; further private sector donations totaled
just over US$600,000. The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management
Agency arranged for three response teams to evaluate the situation
on Acklins, Crooked Island and Long Island. BTC established
communication centers on Ragged Island, Inagua, and Long Island,
giving affected citizens the opportunity to contact family members
for free. BTC also repaired and returned most of their cell sites
to service within two weeks. By October 21, the Bahamas Electricity
Corporation had remedied about 80% of its power outages, aided by
crews from New Providence and the Caribbean Association of Electric
Utilities group.
A special committee was formed to oversee reconstruction efforts,
while government officials began considering new laws to enact
stricter building codes. The government pledged to help eligible
homeowners rebuild and repair their property. On October 6, Prime
Minister of the Bahamas Perry Christie signed an order waiving
import duties on materials needed for rebuilding by storm victims
and registered charities on 12 islands. Local leaders called for an
extension of the three-month exemption period, which many saw as
inadequate. In what residents feared to be a major economic
setback, storm-related damage forced Club Med to delay the annual
opening of its San Salvador resort--the largest employer on the
island--by two months; the resort eventually reopened by January
2016. At the end of October, NEMA began to shift its focus from
emergency relief distribution to permanent rebuilding efforts.
Economists at the IDB assessed that the effects of Joaquin caused
the Bahamian monthly gross domestic product to decrease by 2.8%.
The Ministry of Finance estimated in October 2016 that the cost of
rebuilding after Joaquin would be around US$200 million.
Joaquin was the first of four major hurricanes to affect the
Bahamas in four years: Hurricane Matthew struck the following year,
Hurricane Irma in 2017, and Hurricane Dorian in 2019. The four
hurricanes resulted in a combined US$4.2 billion in losses across
the country.
Sinking of ''El Faro''
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An American cargo ship--the 791 ft 'El Faro'--went missing near
Crooked Island with 33 crew members (28 Americans and 5 Poles) amid
20 to seas near the hurricane's eyewall. The vessel was last
reported to have lost propulsion and begun to list around 7:30 a.m.
EDT (11:30 UTC) on October 1. Hurricane hunters aircraft
investigating the storm flew much lower than normal in an
unsuccessful effort to locate the stricken ship. The United States
Coast Guard conducted searches during the day of October 2 without
success; efforts resumed at dawn on October 3. Two debris fields
were discovered: one spanning 345 mi2 near the 'El Faro' last known
position, and the other covering 81 mi2 about 69 mi to the north;
among the debris were a partially submerged life raft, personal
flotation devices, cargo containers, Styrofoam, packaged food, and
an oil sheen. One body, presumed to be from 'El Faro', was spotted
late on October 4 but could not be recovered. The joint mission
conducted by the Coast Guard, Air Force, Navy, Air National Guard,
and commercial tugboats covered more than 183,000 nmi2 in search of
the vessel and its crew. The Coast Guard called off search
operations at sunset on October 7, with the ship and her crew
presumed lost.
A Navy salvage team was requested, at the behest of the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), to search for the wreckage.
USNS 'Apache' resumed the search on October 23, and using side-scan
sonar found the wreckage of a cargo ship at a depth of 15,000 ft on
October 31. This was confirmed to be the 'El Faro' the next day
using a deep-ocean remotely-operated vehicle. The voyage data
recorder was only found and retrieved nine months later, on August
9, 2016. The Coast Guard's overall report on the incident, released
on October 1, 2017, placed the blame mostly on the ship's captain
for underestimating the weather conditions, overestimating the
ship's capabilities, and not reacting sufficiently as the weather
worsened. The NTSB's investigation, which concluded on December 12,
2017, also criticized the captain for failing to listen to other
crew members warning him about the intensifying storm, but
highlighted that the 'El Faro' had not been kept up to date with
modern safety regulations, such as its use of open lifeboats
instead of enclosed ones.
Remainder of the West Indies
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In the Turks and Caicos Islands, heavy rains and storm surge from
Joaquin compromised infrastructure, including roadways, docks, and
bulkheads. The seawall along Front Street on Grand Turk Island was
damaged, prompting officials to close part of the road. Multiple
homes along the coast faced flooding and leaking roofs. In several
areas, pounding surf brought about coastal erosion and deposited
large volumes of seaweed. Two ships sank at the ferry terminal on
Providenciales, while the island's airport remained closed for two
days so its storm-damaged weather station could be replaced. The
territory also lost fruit and vegetable crops to the storm,
especially at the government farm on North Caicos.
Though the storm's center remained north of the Greater Antilles,
some coastal areas experienced rough winds and high seas. In Cuba,
the station at Guantánamo Bay recorded gusts of 55 mph (89 km/h).
The storm caused coastal flooding and damage to roofs in Granma
Province, affecting more than 100 homes; a provincial high rainfall
total of 157 mm was observed at Niquero. In coastal Baracoa, fifty
homes were damaged. Rain from the storm somewhat alleviated
conditions from a record drought in Granma, Guantánamo, and
Santiago de Cuba provinces, though 11 reservoirs remained below 30%
capacity in Santiago de Cuba.
Along the northern coast of Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula, high waves
from the hurricane capsized a boat occupied by two fishermen,
killing one of them. Many communes experienced significant coastal
flooding from storm tides and active seas, which drove water up to
half a kilometer (0.3 mi) inland. More than 100 homes in Artibonite
were inundated, and the main road to Anse-Rouge was impassable.
Strong winds brought down multiple trees in the commune of
Grand-Saline, where severe flooding was also reported. In Nippes
and Nord-Ouest, four emergency shelters housed nearly 300
individuals. Joaquin damaged banana and millet fields, killed a
small number of livestock, and triggered several landslides. In the
four hardest-hit departments, about 900 households were directly
affected by the storm. The Haitian government distributed nearly
500 hygiene kits to 200 families in Nippes, while evacuees in
Port-de-Paix received mattresses, bed sheets, hygiene kits, food
kits, and clean water; Action Against Hunger also donated water
purification tablets.
North of Haiti, the 212 ft cargo vessel 'Minouche' began to sink in
heavy weather. The U.S. Coast Guard safely rescued all 12 crew
members from a life-raft late on October 1.
Bermuda
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As conditions worsened throughout October 4, roadways on Bermuda
became obstructed by debris and floodwaters, and electric crews
combated growing power outages. By the next morning, the hurricane
had cut power to over 15,000 customers. Service was returned to the
vast majority of households by October 8, despite further inclement
weather briefly impeding restoration work. Sustained winds of 49
knots gusting to 63 knots were recorded at L.F. Wade International
Airport; at higher elevations elsewhere, gusts reached as high as
89 knots. The historic Commissioner's House at the Bermuda Maritime
Museum lost the last of its original roof, which had been heavily
damaged by hurricanes Fay and Gonzalo in October 2014; the interior
of the building consequently suffered some water damage. In
general, however, property damage across the island was minor. The
airport reopened by midday on October 5, with damage mostly limited
to a toppled section of perimeter fence.
United States
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Although Joaquin ultimately tracked far to the east of the United
States, a non-tropical low over the Southeast drew moisture from
the hurricane through an atmospheric river, producing
record-breaking rains and flooding across North and South Carolina
from October 1-5. Several areas in South Carolina saw accumulations
exceeding the threshold for a 1-in-1,000-year event; the Lowcountry
to the Midlands experienced over 15 in of rain, with a peak total
of 26.88 in near Mount Pleasant. The subsequent floods inundated
large areas of the state, with areas around Charleston and Columbia
hardest-hit. This storm caused US$2 billion in damage and killed 25
people.
Retirement
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Because of the severe damage in the Bahamas and the deaths at sea
caused by the storm, the name 'Joaquin' was retired by the World
Meteorological Organization in April 2016. The name was replaced
with 'Julian' for the 2021 season.
See also
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* Hurricanes in the Lucayan Archipelago
* List of Bermuda hurricanes
* List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
* Hurricane Frances (2004) - Before Joaquin, the most recent
Category 4 hurricane to strike the Bahamas
* Hurricane Irene (2011) - Struck the southeastern Bahamas as a
Category 3 hurricane
External links
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* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/JOAQUIN.shtml Advisory
archive for Hurricane Joaquin] at the U.S. National Hurricane
Center.
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